Sleepwalking can feel like something out of a dream literally. You might wake up and find objects out of place, crumbs in your bed, or stories from others about strange things you did while you were fast asleep. But why do some people sleepwalk? And what does science say about this nighttime phenomenon?
Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism, is classified as a parasomnia a group of sleep disorders involving abnormal movements, behaviors, or perceptions during sleep. It typically occurs during non-REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, specifically in the deepest stage known as slow-wave sleep. This phase usually takes place in the first third of the night. What makes sleepwalking particularly strange is that it happens when your body is active, but your brain is still in a sleep state.
Research suggests that sleepwalking is more common in children than in adults, often peaking between the ages of 4 and 8. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, up to 17% of children experience at least one episode of sleepwalking, and around 4% of adults continue to sleepwalk regularly. For some, it’s a one-time occurrence. For others, it’s a frequent disruption.
Scientists believe that sleepwalking is caused by an incomplete transition from deep sleep to lighter sleep or wakefulness. This state of partial arousal results in a person being physically mobile but not fully conscious. Genetics appear to play a role as well studies have shown that sleepwalking tends to run in families. If one parent sleepwalked, a child has a 45% chance of doing the same; if both parents did, the risk rises to 60% or more.
Triggers for sleepwalking include sleep deprivation, stress, fever, certain medications (like sedatives or antihistamines), and alcohol. Conditions that disrupt deep sleep such as sleep apnea or restless leg syndrome can also increase the likelihood of an episode. According to the Mayo Clinic, even factors like irregular sleep schedules or an unfamiliar sleeping environment may prompt sleepwalking in some individuals.
While many episodes are harmless and short-lived, some can pose safety concerns. Sleepwalkers might try to leave the house, prepare food, or even attempt to drive all without any conscious awareness. It’s important to ensure a sleepwalker’s environment is safe, with doors locked, sharp objects stowed away, and stairs blocked if necessary.
Most people don’t need medical treatment for sleepwalking unless it happens frequently or leads to injury. For those affected, improving sleep hygiene can reduce episodes. Keeping a regular bedtime, avoiding alcohol or caffeine in the evening, managing stress, and creating a calm nighttime routine can help. In more serious cases, cognitive behavioral therapy or medication may be recommended by a healthcare provider.
Despite its mysterious nature, sleepwalking is a recognized and researched condition. As sleep science continues to evolve, we’re learning more about the delicate balance between brain activity and rest and how sometimes, that balance can slip just enough to send someone wandering through the night.
Sources:
American Academy of Sleep Medicine – Sleepwalking Overview
Mayo Clinic – “Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)”
National Sleep Foundation – “What Is Sleepwalking?”
Cleveland Clinic – “Parasomnias: What You Should Know”
PubMed – "Genetics of sleepwalking and sleep terrors"
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure any condition. If you or someone you know is experiencing frequent or dangerous sleepwalking episodes, please consult a medical professional or sleep specialist.